https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia 2026-06-24T09:08:55Z Versionsgeschichte dieser Seite in Stadtwiki Strausberg MediaWiki 1.33.1 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=34913&oldid=prev 2026-06-21T18:27:21Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 21. Juni 2026, 18:27 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>LC-QTOF-MS <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">represents </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">significant advancement in the field of </del>drug detection, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">detectable substances. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for </del>recreational drugs, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid </del>of the e-cigarette <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">contained ADB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a synthetic cannabinoid</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">We report a 27-year-old man </del>who <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden JWH-210 powder headache</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nausea</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vertigo</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">red eyes </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">palpitations</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly availabl</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 2. </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Separation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds was performed on a 2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com/ JWH-210 powder] μm particle size ACQUITY Torus™ DIOL analytical column </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Waters</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with guard cartridge. Measurements were performed by an ACQUITY UPC2 supercritical fluid chromatography system (Waters) coupled with a Xevo TQ</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">S Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Waters)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">During the death scene examination</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">multiple cigarette butts without filters were found in an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles, an unopened box of nebivolol-containing drug, and 18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette box.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data concerning the combined effects of SCRAs </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other substances </del>are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">highly limited, which renders forensic evaluation of possible overdose cases difficult </del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">threshold SCRA concentration for fatal overdose can be estimated ng/mL level (0.37–4.1 ng/mL according </del>to the reported <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cases) </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cases in which 1</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5–2.5 g/L of ethanol is present in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood. The victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA and ethanol. These confusing shorter names were not scientifically adopted but were </del>used by <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">websites selling </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">public</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monitoring metabolism </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA via high-resolution mass spectrometry assessed </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cultured hepatoma cell line</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fungus</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liver microsomes </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed using </del>urine samples. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the author</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each training session lasted a maximum </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min</del>, and the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats could earn up </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">20 food pellets</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats received an injection of either vehicle or </del>Δ9-THC <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and were subsequently placed </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the behavior-testing chambers</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where food (45</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg food pellets; Bio-Serve</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frenchtown</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FR10</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">active. Each dose range included doses that were without effect </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at approximately 8 weeks of age </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UNTHSC</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animal facility </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two weeks prior </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testin</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Locomotor </del>activity <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in mice was tested to screen </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor depressant effects </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to identify behaviorally-active </del>dose <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ranges and times </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak effect</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at the CB1 receptor. Tremors </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">not </del>observed following <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA during </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug discrimination study, but </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximum </del>dose <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested was only </del>0.1 mg/kg<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10-fold lower than the dose </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">produced tremors in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice. AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA has been implicated in severe adverse effects in recreational users </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Adams </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017; Hamilton </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017), which suggests </del>that the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">range between behaviorally active </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxic doses </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA is narrow</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Following that line of reasoning</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it should also be noted that some of the more recent compounds produced non</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">linear dose</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effect curves and one compound produced an inverted U</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shaped dose</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effect</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such that intermediate dose fully substituted</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but higher doses did not (Gatch </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forster, 2018)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </del>of the compounds <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identified as available </del>on the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recreational market and submitted to our laboratory by </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">US Drug Enforcement Agency for testing have fully substituted </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some dose </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forster 2014</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018); however; it is important to note that </del>not <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all structural congeners are active </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study. Pretreatment times </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.81±0.17 mg/kg </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas the potency </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018), and the potency of the current </del>set <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short-onset</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">short-acting compounds have </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some producing a duration of action </del>no <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">longer than 1 h</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others lasting more than 2 h</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC separates the urine or blood sample and QTOF-MS provides high-resolution and accurate mass measurements for precise identification and structural elucidation of compounds. The </ins>LC-QTOF-MS <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">method offers </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">more comprehensive and sensitive approach for </ins>drug detection, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">covering hundreds </ins>of recreational drugs, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including NPS. Besides increasing the temperature to enlarge </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug aerolisation and bioavailability, one can elevate </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">flow rate </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">air through </ins>the e-cigarette <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and/or add a diluent . Of all e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette users registered at this forum</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7.8 % vaped SCRAs . About 15 % of individuals registered at forums for drug users such as erowid</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">org </ins>who <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vaped cannabis have also vaped SRCAs. SCRAs belong</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">together with synthetic opioids</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cathinones</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">amphetamines </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hallucinogens to the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are currently developed at high speed</ins>.&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data availabili</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Synthetic cannabinoids have consistently been shown to produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to those </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bannister and Connor, 2018</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and MDMB-FUBINACA fully substituted for Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gamage et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Demographic </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clinical features </ins>are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">influence </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">work </ins>reported in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this paper</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Second, we could not just click the up coming page retrieve further detailed information about </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette that was </ins>used by the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">patient such as the label or </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">region of origin</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping, depends on whether the drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette. Of these samples, 22 contained one or more SCRAs, THC was only detected </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11 samples</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC and cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about the NPS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defining their potency </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or </ins>urine samples.&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data availabili</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There is indication that at least some </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 (Wiley et al., 2016)</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a compound from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons (Asaoka et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;These synthetic cannabinoids act directly at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors as does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (</ins>Δ9-THC<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) found </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">marijuana</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but have different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different metabolism</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and often greater toxicity </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fantegrossi et al., 2014</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Discriminative stimulus effects </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested in rats trained </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminate Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tetrahydrocannabinol </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3 mg/kg</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30-min pretreatment</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB-PINACA </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as 5F-ADB</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-ADB-PINACA</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, MDMB-CHIMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as FUB-AMB, MMB-FUBINACA</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were tested </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in vivo cannabinoid-like effects </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assess their abuse liabilit</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor </ins>activity <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as is typical </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) </ins>and dose<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Depressant effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">33 mg/kg </ins>were observed <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">within 10 min </ins>following <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration and peak depressant effects were just click </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">up coming page observed between 0–30 min. Duration of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor depression increased over </ins>dose <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from 30 min following </ins>0.1 mg/kg <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;There </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indication </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at least some of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016), and a compound from the present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons (Asaoka </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The current study indicates </ins>that the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test compounds produce locomotor depression similar to that of Δ9-THC, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fully substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In summary</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">these 5F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA, MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA, MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA have similar abuse liability as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and should be controlled in a similar fashion. Much of the in vivo [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/ just click the up coming page] testing </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid </ins>compounds <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have been pre-clinical studies focused </ins>on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their cannabinoid-like effects or like </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study, focused on their abuse liability. There is indication that at least some of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley et al., 2016), </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a compound from the present study</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB-PINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but </ins>not <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">serotonin neurons </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asaoka </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Legal status </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Briefly, </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FOB test was comprised of several behavioral changes including catalepsy, traction, tremor, convulsion, exopthalmos, piloerection, salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, skin coloration, pinna reflex, righting reflex, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The FOB test </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">performed using published procedures </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Moser </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1989</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some modifications. However</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">because </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their subjective properties</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it is necessary to </ins>set <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">up a more objective automated measurement to determine their neurotoxicity</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">there are only </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">couple </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">anecdotal reports suspecting the possibility </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their neurotoxicity </ins>with no <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scientific evidence (Cohen et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; McGuinness and Newell</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; Harris </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2013</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-34901:rev-34913 --> </table>

ScarlettCagle66 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=34901&oldid=prev 2026-06-21T18:17:29Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 21. Juni 2026, 18:17 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because response suppression may compromise stimulus control</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats failing to complete at least ten responses during </del>the test <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">session were excluded from </del>the analysis <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects of that dose of test compoun&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The duration of action </del>of the synthetic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids tested using </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h protocol have varied widely</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others lasting more than 2 </del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Morris water maze test </del>was performed <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to evaluate the changes in learning and memory function. Only </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">few case reports about the dangers of some synthetic cannabinoids due to neurotoxicity have been published (Cohen et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; McGuinness et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2012; Harris and Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2013</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In addition, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lack of information about neurotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids could allow abusers consume those substances undiscerningly. However</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">slight structural changes might cause biochemical properties including dependence liability and neurotoxicity. The substances used </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the present study both possess naphthoylindole moiety as their parental structure. (B) The ratio </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">damaged cells </del>containing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pyknotic or condensed nuclei </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">low hematoxilin affinity to total cells were calculated </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nucleus accumben</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Product ions detected at m/z 302, 217, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">145 (B2) confirmed that tert-leucine and indazole moieties remained unchanged</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leading to the structure elucidation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a hydroxy-functional group at the 4-position of the butyl side chain by oxidative defluorination</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">product ion m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 336 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">loss of methyl ester moiety) further confirmed the presence of dihydroxylated metabolites</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion, m/z 364 (B14, B5/B6) had a loss of 2 Da from m/z 366 indicated further dehydrogenation of the ester hydrolysis plus monohydroxylated metabolites</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The presence of the product ion m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 320, likely formed from a loss of carbon dioxide, indicated monohydroxylation at </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tert-leucine in B8 (m/z 219</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, butyl side chain </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B9 (m/z 145) and indazole moiety </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B13 (m/z 161)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion, m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 350 showed a loss </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14 Da explaining </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydrolysis of methyl ester from </del>4F-MDMB-BINACA.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;Fig</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2. &lt;br&gt;The precursor ion m/z 396 (B10, B12/B15) was 32 Da higher than the parent drug, </del>4F-MDMB-BINACA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, suggesting the addition of two hydroxy groups. All the below explanations for transformations into metabolites are based on the data shown </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. Metabolites were identified according to their precursor ions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">product ions</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fragmentation patterns (Fig</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1). Traditional in-vivo metabolism </del>studies <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to generate </del>human <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolites </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs relied heavily on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whole animal model systems, which are expensive</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">limited by drug administration amount, influenced by species variation </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">faced by many ethical issues</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Eight in-vivo metabolites tentatively identified were mainly products </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis with </del>or <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">without additional dehydrogenation, N</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dealkylation, monohydroxylation </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">oxidative defluorination with further oxidation to butanoic acid.&lt;br&gt;Fig. 1. &lt;br&gt;This outcome was anticipated since CES</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mediated hydrolysis is commonly [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com/ https://cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/] reported as </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">major metabolic pathway among the SCBs impacting </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">terminal ester group . Glucosides </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sulfate metabolites have been reported with other SCBs where C. From these three samples, sample 2 contained </del>only <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an ester hydrolysis metabolite (m/z 350)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Both ester hydrolysis followed by oxidative defluorination </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butanoic acid (B4, m/z 362) and monohydroxylation </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tert</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leucine moiety </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B8</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 366</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolites </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found in 16/20 urine samples </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Table 2</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. A In-vitro metabolites observed in common among respective seven most abundant metabolites in b C. The product ion detected </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 235, indicating loss </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sulfate, confirmed </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identity </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the sulfation metabolite.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fungus C. elegans </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concentrations </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BINACA in the postmortem blood samples were 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">50 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">34 ng/mL</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which are in line with published data. Although </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lethal </del>dose <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of 4F-MDMB-BINACA is unknown, its concentration in postmortem blood samples </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found to range between </del>0.10 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and 2.90 ng/mL . In SCRA</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">related cases in which </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deceased suffered from heart disease, the SCRA concentration </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood was less than 1 ng/mL </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concentrations of SCRAs </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem cases cover a wide range </del>; <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">however</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some reports </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">survival have </del>also <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">been published—even at relatively high blood SCRA concentrations [19, 20&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; Oxidation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4′</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydroxybutyl moiety in B2 led to formation of 4′</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carboxybutyl metabolite </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B4</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">having a precursor ion </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 362, which was 14 Da higher than </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B2 (loss of two hydrogen atoms with addition of a carbonyl group&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; Synthetic cannabinoids </del>have <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consistently been shown to produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to those of Δ9-THC </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bannister </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Connor</del>, 2018)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and MDMB-FUBINACA fully substituted for Δ9-THC </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gamage </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4. Drugs </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The purpose of </del>the present study <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was to assess </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abuse liability </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB-PINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA. The findings produce an apparent paradox</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">since CPP and self</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compound will be abused by humans</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids are well</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">known to produce active drug</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seeking in humans. Drug discrimination is a well-known animal model of the subjective </del>effects <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of drugs </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">correlates well </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abuse liability (Young 2009; Horton et al</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2013). Assessment </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abuse liability is based on several factors</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including chemical structure</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pharmacological mechanism </del>of action, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">finally, subjective and reinforcing behavioral effects (FDA, 2010; Swedberg, 2013)</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt; Michael B Gat</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point-of-care </ins>test <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for recreational drugs, </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) </ins>analysis <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">showed that </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a </ins>synthetic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoid. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">emergency room because of sudden JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder headache</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nausea</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vertigo</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">red eyes </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly availabl</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 2. </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Separation of compounds </ins>was performed <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mm×100 mm</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1.7 [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/ JWH-210 powder] μm particle size ACQUITY Torus™ DIOL analytical column (Waters) with guard cartridge</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Measurements were performed by an ACQUITY UPC2 supercritical fluid chromatography system (Waters) coupled with a Xevo TQ-S Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (Waters</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">During </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death scene examination</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">multiple cigarette butts without filters were found </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles, an unopened box </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nebivolol-</ins>containing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a cigarette box.</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data concerning the combined effects of SCRAs </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other substances are highly limited</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which renders forensic evaluation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">possible overdose cases difficult </ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">threshold SCRA concentration for fatal overdose can be estimated ng</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL level </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">37–4</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 ng</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL according to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported cases</ins>) in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cases </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which 1.5–2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 g</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">L </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol is present in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood. The victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and ethanol</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These confusing shorter names were not scientifically adopted but were used by websites selling the drugs to the public</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">via high-resolution mass spectrometry assessed </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cultured hepatoma cell line</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fungus</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liver microsomes </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed using urine samples</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This article does not contain any </ins>studies <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with </ins>human <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">participants or animals performed by any </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">author&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Figure 1. &lt;br&gt;Each training session lasted a maximum </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either vehicle </ins>or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were subsequently placed in the behavior</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testing chambers, where food (45</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg food pellets; Bio</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hopper close to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ceiling </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was illuminated </ins>only <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when the levers were active</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each dose range included doses that were without effect </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">those producing </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">obtained from Envigo </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston, TX</ins>) at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">approximately 8 weeks </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">age and maintained in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak effect</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">act at the CB1 receptor</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximum </ins>dose <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only </ins>0.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg, which is </ins>10-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fold lower than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose that produced tremors </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA has been implicated in severe adverse effects </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recreational users (Adams et al., 2017</ins>; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hamilton et al., 2017)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which suggests that the range between behaviorally active and toxic doses of AMB-FUBINACA is narrow. Following that line </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reasoning, it should </ins>also <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be noted that some </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the more recent compounds produced non</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">linear dose-effect curves and one compound produced an inverted U-shaped dose</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effect, such that intermediate dose fully substituted, but higher doses did not </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch and Forster, 2018</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. All </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds identified as available on the recreational market and submitted to our laboratory by the US Drug Enforcement Agency </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testing </ins>have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fully substituted at some dose </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forster 2014, 2015, 2016</ins>, 2018)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; however; it is important to note that not all structural congeners are active </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in </ins>the present study<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">early compounds was 0.81±0.17 mg/kg (Gatch et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018)</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the potency of the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg. Short</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">short</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds have </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">greater abuse liability</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">long</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds pose problems of long</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting adverse </ins>effects and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interactions </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other drugs</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The duration of action </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration </ins>of action <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">between 1–2 h</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others lasting more than 2 h</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-34896:rev-34901 --> </table>

CaroleHoller04 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=34896&oldid=prev 2026-06-21T18:12:16Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 21. Juni 2026, 18:12 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Due </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unknown toxicity </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">newly emerging SCRAs</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">forensic assessments </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cases involving these substances are challenging. According </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported cases </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reviews </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scientific literature</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">concurrent ethanol consumption should amplify </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxicity of SCRAs</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">concentration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood was 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">50 and 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">34 ng</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and blood alcohol concentration was </del>2.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">49 g</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">L, respectively. Two fatal cases are reported caused by simultaneous consumption </del>of 4F-MDMB-BINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and ethanol</del>.&lt;br&gt;Fig. 2. &lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BINACA </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydrolysed via ester hydrolysis forming </del>the 4F-MDMB-BINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data obtained from </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">twenty urine samples were retrospectively analysed and processed using TraceFinder software </del>based on the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification criteria of mass errors less than ± 5 ppm for full MS peaks </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS/MS peaks from the theoretical mass and matching of MS/MS spectra</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The mixture was vortex</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mixed and 500 µL </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this mixture and 500 µL </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methanol were loaded onto the Clean Screen FASt® tube. After incubation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the mixture was cooled at room temperature</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">150 µL of purified water was added</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">High</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resolution QTOF-MS data </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acquired on an Agilent 6510 Accurate Mass QTOF mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies) equipped </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dual electrospray ionization (ESI) source operated in both positive and negative ion modes</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to determine accurate masses of the metabolites. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent 1290 LC system with a Poroshell 120 EC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">C18 analytical column (2.7 μm</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">75 × 2.1 mm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA)</del>.&lt;br&gt;Fig. 1. &lt;br&gt;This outcome was anticipated since CES-mediated hydrolysis is commonly <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5CLADBA </del>reported as the major metabolic pathway among the SCBs impacting the terminal ester group . Glucosides and sulfate metabolites have been reported with other SCBs where C. From these three samples, sample 2 contained only an ester hydrolysis metabolite (m/z 350). Both ester hydrolysis followed by oxidative defluorination to butanoic acid (B4, m/z 362) and monohydroxylation at tert-leucine moiety (B8, m/z 366) metabolites were found in 16/20 urine samples (Table 2). A In-vitro metabolites observed in common among respective seven most abundant metabolites in b C. The product ion detected at m/z 235, indicating loss of sulfate, confirmed the identity of the sulfation metabolite.&lt;br&gt;Fungus C. elegans &lt;br&gt;Concentrations of 4F-MDMB-BINACA in the postmortem blood samples were 2.50 and 2.34 ng/mL, which are in line with published data. Although the lethal dose of 4F-MDMB-BINACA is unknown, its concentration in postmortem blood samples was found to range between 0.10 and 2.90 ng/mL . In SCRA-related cases in which the deceased suffered from heart disease, the SCRA concentration in the postmortem blood was less than 1 ng/mL . Concentrations of SCRAs in postmortem cases cover a wide range ; however, some reports of survival have also been published—even at relatively high blood SCRA concentrations [19, 20&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;All </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the compounds tested </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">see review by Wiley et al., 2017</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">function </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were 5CLADBA observed between 0–30 min. Duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">High-resolution QTOF</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS data were acquired on an Agilent 6510 Accurate Mass QTOF mass spectrometer </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Agilent Technologies</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">equipped with dual electrospray ionization </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ESI) source operated in both positive and negative ion modes</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to determine accurate masses of the metabolite</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">High resolution mass spectrometry such as LC-QTOF-MS allows </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">detection and identification of a broad spectrum of recreational drugs, including new psychoactive substances. A point-of-care drugs of abuse (DOA) test </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">initially performed on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">urine </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the patient. He confirmed drinking 750 ml energy drink without any further consumption of food and using an e</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette from Gaziantep</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Turkey 10 seconds before the onset of his first symptoms. He usually smokes a pack of cigarettes a day and sometimes smokes e</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarettes. Combined with non</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">specific</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transient symptoms</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clinical recognition of SCRA intoxication is challenging </del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt; Data availability &lt;br&gt;</del>The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intensity is plotted against the retention time for both chromatograms</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">demonstrating the [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 5CLADBA] presence and elution profiles of nicotine </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">analysed vape liquid sample. LC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF-MS Chromatograms of Nicotine (Top) and ADB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA (Bottom) </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the Vape Liquid used by the patient</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The LC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF-MS analysis showed that </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e-liquid contained nicotine </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-BUTINACA </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because the point-</del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-care DOA test </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">generally not able to detect synthetic recreational drug substances</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the liquid </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the e-cigarette was thereafter screened using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC-QTOF-MS</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on the Waters™ Xevo G3 QTOF MS system</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">After eating a light meal and drinking caffeinated sports drinks at the ER, the nausea complaints of the patient were reduced and the patient was discharged hom</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because response suppression may compromise stimulus control, rats failing </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">complete at least ten responses during the test session were excluded from the analysis of the discriminative stimulus effects of that dose of test compoun&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action no longer than 1 h</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Morris water maze test was performed </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">evaluate </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">changes in learning </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">memory function. Only a few case reports about the dangers </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some synthetic cannabinoids due to neurotoxicity have been published (Cohen et al., 2012; McGuinness et al., 2012; Harris and Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al., 2013). In addition, </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lack of information about neurotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids could allow abusers consume those substances undiscerningly. However</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">slight structural changes might cause biochemical properties including dependence liability and neurotoxicity. The substances used in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study both possess naphthoylindole moiety as their parental structure</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(B) </ins>The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ratio of damaged cells containing pyknotic or condensed nuclei and low hematoxilin affinity to total cells were calculated in nucleus accumben&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Product ions detected at m/z 302, 217, and 145 (B2) confirmed that tert-leucine and indazole moieties remained unchanged, leading to the structure elucidation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a hydroxy</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">functional group at the 4</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">position of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butyl side chain by oxidative defluorination</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The product ion m/z 336 (loss of methyl ester moiety) further confirmed the presence of dihydroxylated metabolites</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion, m</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 364 (B14</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B5/B6) had a loss of </ins>2 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Da from m/z 366 indicated further dehydrogenation of the ester hydrolysis plus monohydroxylated metabolites</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The presence of the product ion m/z 320, likely formed from a loss of carbon dioxide, indicated monohydroxylation at the tert-leucine in B8 (m/z 219), butyl side chain in B9 (m/z 145) </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole moiety in B13 (m/z 161)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion, m</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 350 showed a loss of 14 Da explaining the hydrolysis </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methyl ester from </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA.&lt;br&gt;Fig. 2. &lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion m/z 396 (B10, B12/B15) </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">32 Da higher than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">parent drug, </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, suggesting the addition of two hydroxy groups</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">below explanations for transformations into metabolites are </ins>based on the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">data shown in Fig. Metabolites were identified according to their precursor ions, product ions, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fragmentation patterns (Fig. 1)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Traditional in</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo metabolism studies to generate human metabolites </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs relied heavily on the use </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whole animal model systems, which are expensive</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">limited by drug administration amount</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">influenced by species variation </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">faced by many ethical issues</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Eight in</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo metabolites tentatively identified </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mainly products of ester hydrolysis </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or without additional dehydrogenation</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">N</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dealkylation</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">monohydroxylation and oxidative defluorination with further oxidation to butanoic acid</ins>.&lt;br&gt;Fig. 1. &lt;br&gt;This outcome was anticipated since CES-mediated hydrolysis is commonly <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/] </ins>reported as the major metabolic pathway among the SCBs impacting the terminal ester group . Glucosides and sulfate metabolites have been reported with other SCBs where C. From these three samples, sample 2 contained only an ester hydrolysis metabolite (m/z 350). Both ester hydrolysis followed by oxidative defluorination to butanoic acid (B4, m/z 362) and monohydroxylation at tert-leucine moiety (B8, m/z 366) metabolites were found in 16/20 urine samples (Table 2). A In-vitro metabolites observed in common among respective seven most abundant metabolites in b C. The product ion detected at m/z 235, indicating loss of sulfate, confirmed the identity of the sulfation metabolite.&lt;br&gt;Fungus C. elegans &lt;br&gt;Concentrations of 4F-MDMB-BINACA in the postmortem blood samples were 2.50 and 2.34 ng/mL, which are in line with published data. Although the lethal dose of 4F-MDMB-BINACA is unknown, its concentration in postmortem blood samples was found to range between 0.10 and 2.90 ng/mL . In SCRA-related cases in which the deceased suffered from heart disease, the SCRA concentration in the postmortem blood was less than 1 ng/mL . Concentrations of SCRAs in postmortem cases cover a wide range ; however, some reports of survival have also been published—even at relatively high blood SCRA concentrations [19, 20&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Oxidation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4′-hydroxybutyl moiety </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B2 led to formation of 4′-carboxybutyl metabolite </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B4</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">having </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">precursor ion </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 362, which was 14 Da higher than the m/z for B2 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">loss </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two hydrogen atoms with addition </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a carbonyl group</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Synthetic cannabinoids have consistently been shown to produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to those of Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bannister and Connor, 2018</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and MDMB-FUBINACA fully substituted for Δ9-THC </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gamage et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4. Drugs </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The purpose of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to assess </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abuse liability </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA, MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and AMB-FUBINACA</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">findings produce an apparent paradox</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">since CPP </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">self</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration predict with high reliability </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">known to produce active drug</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seeking </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">humans</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drug discrimination is a well</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">known animal model of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subjective effects of drugs </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">correlates well with abuse liability </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Young 2009; Horton et al</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2013</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assessment </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abuse liability </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">based on several factors, including chemical structure</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pharmacological mechanism </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action, and finally, subjective and reinforcing behavioral effects </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FDA, 2010; Swedberg, 2013</ins>).<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt; Michael B Gat</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-28636:rev-34896 --> </table>

ScarlettCagle66 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=28636&oldid=prev 2026-06-04T08:57:26Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 4. Juni 2026, 08:57 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were not observed following AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA during </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug discrimination study</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but the maximum dose tested </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only 0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is 10</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mic</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC and were subsequently placed in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">behavior</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testing chambers, where food (45</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FR10</del>) on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a designated injection appropriate lever. A houselight was centered over </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hopper close to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ceiling </del>and was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illuminated only when </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">levers were active</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">least 50% depression compared to vehicle control</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Twenty</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four male Sprague</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston, TX</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. 5CLADBA Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX) at approximately 8 weeks </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">age and maintained in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University of North Texas Health Science Center </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UNTHSC</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;4</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drugs </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In general, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor depressant </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects </del>have been <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018). All </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids tested in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Subsequently</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a one-way analysis of variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30-min period of maximal effect, and planned comparisons were conducted for each </del>dose <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">against the vehicle control using single degree-</del>of-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">freedom F tests. A two</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">way analysis of variance</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with dose as a </del>between <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">groups factor </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time as a within subject factor</del>, was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">conducted on horizontal activity counts</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min interval</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Locomotor activity </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak effect. Previous studies </del>have <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the CB1 receptor.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Michael B Gatch </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Substantial depressant effects were observed within </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first </del>10 min<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed 30 minutes following </del>1 mg/kg <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice (data not shown). Substantial depressant effects </del>were observed within <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the first </del>10 min<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal depression was </del>observed between <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10–40 </del>min <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and lasted up to 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 to 3 h at </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5CLADBA highest </del>dose <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested (</del>0.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 </del>mg/kg<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>.&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There is indication that at least some of the first</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley et al., 2016</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and a compound from the present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asaoka et al., 2016</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. As previously mentioned, all of the compounds tested </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the present study (MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA) act as agonists at CB1 receptors (Banister et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015, 2016; Gamage et al., 2018), which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC-like effects, including abuse liability. Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mic</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The % peak area abundance ratio of metabolites detected in the urine samples are often affected by numerous factors </del>such as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug intake behaviour (intake route, amount </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug and intake frequency)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time from last drug intake and metabolic stability</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This indicated that the phase I metabolism </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA are unlikely to be affected significantly by polydrug intake. Oxidative defluorination with subsequent butanoic acid formation </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B17</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolite, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">second major metabolite after monohydroxylation in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">C</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ester hydrolysis with dehydrogenation formed in</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo in this study was also reported among other indazole carboxamide type SCBs with tert-leucine methyl ester moieties such as 5F-MDMB-PINACA </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4en-PINACA [39, 40]</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Similar to the in</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo findings</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis (B22) was the major metabolite for both HepG2 and HLM models</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consistent with the known hydrolytic activity </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CES reported&lt;br&gt;</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. </del>The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">work reported in this paper. Second</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">we could not </del>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 5CLADBA] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">retrieve further detailed information about </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette that was </del>used by the patient <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such as </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">label or </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">region </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">origin. Whether a </del>recreational drug <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can be administered via vaping</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">depends on whether </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature </del>of the e-cigarette. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Of these samples, 22 contained one or more SCRAs, THC was only detected in 11 samples, only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mixture of THC </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right information about </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NPS, defining their potency </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Due to the unknown toxicity of newly emerging SCRAs, forensic assessments of cases involving these substances are challenging. According to the reported cases and reviews of the scientific literature, concurrent ethanol consumption should amplify the toxicity of SCRAs. The concentration of 4F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood was 2.50 and 2.34 ng/mL</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and blood alcohol concentration </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.11 and 2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">49 g</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">L</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">respectively. Two fatal cases are reported caused by simultaneous consumption of 4F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA and ethanol.</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 2. </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA was hydrolysed via ester hydrolysis forming </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B22</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Data obtained from the twenty urine samples were retrospectively analysed and processed using TraceFinder software based </ins>on the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification criteria of mass errors less than ± 5 ppm for full MS peaks and MS/MS peaks from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">theoretical mass </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">matching of MS/MS spectra. The mixture </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vortex-mixed and 500 µL of this mixture and 500 µL of methanol were loaded onto </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Clean Screen FASt® tube</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">After incubation, the mixture was cooled </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">room temperature, and 150 µL of purified water was added</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">High</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resolution QTOF</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS data </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acquired on an Agilent 6510 Accurate Mass QTOF mass spectrometer </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Agilent Technologies</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">equipped with dual electrospray ionization </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ESI) source operated in both positive and negative ion modes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to determine accurate masses </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolites. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent 1290 LC system with a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 analytical column </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.7 μm, 75 × 2.1 mm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 1</ins>. &lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This outcome was anticipated since CES-mediated hydrolysis is commonly 5CLADBA reported as the major metabolic pathway among the SCBs impacting </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">terminal ester group . Glucosides </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sulfate metabolites </ins>have been <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported with other SCBs where C. From these three samples</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sample 2 contained only an ester hydrolysis metabolite </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 350)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Both ester hydrolysis followed by oxidative defluorination to butanoic acid (B4</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 362</ins>) and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">monohydroxylation at tert</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leucine moiety (B8, m/z 366) metabolites were found </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">16/20 urine samples </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Table 2). A In-vitro metabolites observed in common among respective seven most abundant metabolites in b C</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The product ion detected at m/z 235</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicating loss </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sulfate, confirmed </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identity of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sulfation metabolite.&lt;br&gt;Fungus C. elegans &lt;br&gt;Concentrations </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA in the postmortem blood samples were 2.50 and 2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">34 ng/mL</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which are in line with published data. Although </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lethal </ins>dose of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA is unknown</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">its concentration in postmortem blood samples was found to range </ins>between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.10 </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.90 ng/mL . In SCRA-related cases in which the deceased suffered from heart disease</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the SCRA concentration in the postmortem blood </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">less than 1 ng</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL </ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concentrations of SCRAs </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem cases cover a wide range ; however, some reports </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">survival </ins>have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also been published—even </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">relatively high blood SCRA concentrations [19, 20&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All of the compounds tested in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (</ins>10 min <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bins) </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Depressant effects of </ins>1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.33 </ins>mg/kg were observed within 10 min <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following administration </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects were 5CLADBA </ins>observed between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0–30 </ins>min. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor depression increased over </ins>dose <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from 30 min following </ins>0.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 </ins>mg/kg <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to 2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 h following 1 mg/k</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">High-resolution QTOF</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS data were acquired on an Agilent 6510 Accurate Mass QTOF mass spectrometer </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Agilent Technologies</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">equipped with dual electrospray ionization </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ESI</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">source operated </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both positive </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">negative ion modes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to determine accurate masses of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolite</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">High resolution mass spectrometry </ins>such as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC-QTOF-MS allows the detection and identification of a broad spectrum </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recreational drugs</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including new psychoactive substances</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A point-</ins>of-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">care drugs of abuse </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DOA</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test was initially performed on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">urine of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">patient</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He confirmed drinking 750 ml energy drink without any further consumption of food and using an e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette from Gaziantep, Turkey 10 seconds before the onset of his first symptoms. He usually smokes a pack of cigarettes a day </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sometimes smokes e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarettes</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Combined with non</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">specific</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transient symptoms</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clinical recognition </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRA intoxication is challenging .</ins>&lt;br&gt; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data availability </ins>&lt;br&gt;The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intensity is plotted against </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">retention time for both chromatograms</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">demonstrating the </ins>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 5CLADBA] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">presence and elution profiles of nicotine and ADB-BUTINACA in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">analysed vape liquid sample. LC-QTOF-MS Chromatograms of Nicotine (Top) and ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA (Bottom) in the Vape Liquid </ins>used by the patient<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. The LC-QTOF-MS analysis showed that </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e-liquid contained nicotine and ADB-BUTINACA (Fig. 1). Because </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point-</ins>of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-care DOA test is generally not able to detect synthetic </ins>recreational drug <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">substances</ins>, the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid </ins>of the e-cigarette <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was thereafter screened using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) on the Waters™ Xevo G3 QTOF MS system</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">After eating </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">light meal </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drinking caffeinated sports drinks at the ER, </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nausea complaints of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">patient were reduced </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the patient was discharged hom</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-28606:rev-28636 --> </table>

ScarlettCagle66 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=28606&oldid=prev 2026-06-04T08:47:05Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 4. Juni 2026, 08:47 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These synthetic cannabinoids act [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</del>/ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb butinaca] directly at cannabinoid CB1 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CB2 receptors </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">does Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tetrahydrocannabinol </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9-THC</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">marijuana</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but </del>have <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different metabolism</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">often greater toxicity </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fantegrossi </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Discriminative </del>stimulus effects were tested <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in rats trained </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminate Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tetrahydrocannabinol </del>(3 mg/kg, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30-min pretreatment</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </del>5F-MDMB-PINACA (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as 5F-ADB</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-ADB</del>-PINACA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>, MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA</del>, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as FUB</del>-AMB, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were tested for </del>in vivo <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoid</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like effects </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assess their abuse liabilit</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Second, we could not adb <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butinaca </del>retrieve further detailed information about the e-cigarette that was used by the patient such as the label or the region of origin. Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping, depends on whether the drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature of the e-cigarette. Of these samples, 22 contained one or more SCRAs, THC was only detected in 11 samples, only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC and cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about the NPS, defining their potency and confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;As synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) are gaining popularity globally, clinicians have to understand that intoxication caused by vaping SCRA is not detected by commonly available tests. He confirmed that he had been vaping an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) earlier that day just before the onset of his symptoms. Metabolic acidosis (1/3, 0/7) and respiratory acidosis (1/3, 0/7), All 10 patients recovered with supportive care, including intubation and ventilation for one case. In 3 cases ADB-BUTINACA was the only substance detected, while in seven other substances of misuse were also detected including other SCRA, opioids, benzodiazepines cocaine and pregabali&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;§ (3) of the Hungarian act of Forensic Experts (2016.XXIX), the data of the reported case can be utilized freely for scientific and educational purposes without special ethical permission. These results indicate that the simultaneous intoxication of SCRA and ethanol directly and exclusively caused the death of the two victims. The victims did not have any significant diseases that could have contributed to the outcome. Very limited data are available in the scientific literature about the possible effects of the combined consumption of SCRAs and ethanol. Several case reports describe that the presence of a little ng/mL (0.37–4.1) of SCRAs and a high—but not lethal—concentration of ethanol (1.45–2.7 g/L) directly and exclusively contributed to the death of the victim [24–27] (Table 2). The fact that 4F-MDMB-BINACA was not detected in postmortem urine samples is partly explained by the high rate of hepatic metabolism of SCRAs [11, 14, 22], but also suggests that the victims consumed 4F-MDMB-BINACA shortly before their death&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mic&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. Drugs &lt;br&gt;Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gat&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Legal status &lt;br&gt;JWH-210 Chemical Powder offers a reliable solution for laboratories seeking a compound that meets stringent requirements. Researchers often require compounds that are consistent and dependable, and this product delivers on both fronts. Whether used in small-scale experiments or larger research projects, the compound maintains its integrity under recommended storage conditions. This ensures ease of handling and precise measurement during laboratory use. Each batch undergoes detailed verification to ensure purity, consistency, and accuracy, making it suitable for controlled experimental environments. This study was supported by a grant (13181MFDS654) of the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Republic of Kore</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were not observed following AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested was only 0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mic&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever. A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers were active. Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston, TX). 5CLADBA Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. Drugs &lt;br&gt;In general</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects </ins>have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 (Gatch et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016)</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All of the synthetic cannabinoids tested in the present study fully substituted for the discriminative </ins>stimulus effects <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Δ9-THC. Subsequently, a one-way analysis of variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30-min period of maximal effect, and planned comparisons </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-of-freedom F tests. A two-way analysis of variance, with dose as a between groups factor and time as a within subject factor, was conducted on horizontal activity counts/10 min interval. Locomotor activity in mice was </ins>tested to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times of peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at the CB1 receptor.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gatch &lt;br&gt;Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration. Tremors were observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">data not shown). Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min and lasted up to 2.5 to </ins>3 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h at the 5CLADBA highest dose tested (0.5 </ins>mg/kg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).&lt;br&gt;Figure 1. &lt;br&gt;There is indication that at least some of the first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 (Wiley et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and a compound from the present study, </ins>5F-MDMB-PINACA<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asaoka et al., 2016). As previously mentioned</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all of the compounds tested in the present study (MDMB</ins>-PINACA, MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHMICA</ins>, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) act as agonists at CB1 receptors </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Banister et al., 2015, 2016; Gamage et al., 2018), which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like effects, including abuse liability. Tremors were not observed following </ins>AMB<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mic&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The % peak area abundance ratio of metabolites detected in the urine samples are often affected by numerous factors such as drug intake behaviour (intake route, amount of drug and intake frequency), time from last drug intake and metabolic stability. This indicated that the phase I metabolism of 4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA are unlikely to be affected significantly by polydrug intake. Oxidative defluorination with subsequent butanoic acid formation (B17</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolite, the second major metabolite after monohydroxylation in the C. Ester hydrolysis with dehydrogenation formed </ins>in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>vivo <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in this study was also reported among other indazole carboxamide type SCBs with tert-leucine methyl ester moieties such as 5F-MDMB-PINACA and MDMB-4en</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA [39, 40]. Similar </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the in-vivo findings, 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis (B22) was the major metabolite for both HepG2 and HLM models, consistent with the known hydrolytic activity of CES reported</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Second, we could not <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-</ins>adb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.com/ 5CLADBA] </ins>retrieve further detailed information about the e-cigarette that was used by the patient such as the label or the region of origin. Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping, depends on whether the drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature of the e-cigarette. Of these samples, 22 contained one or more SCRAs, THC was only detected in 11 samples, only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC and cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about the NPS, defining their potency and confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-28438:rev-28606 --> </table>

ScarlettCagle66 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=28438&oldid=prev 2026-06-01T17:22:49Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 1. Juni 2026, 17:22 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or </del>Δ9-THC <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and were subsequently placed </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the behavior-testing chambers</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where food (45</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg food pellets; Bio-Serve</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frenchtown</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FR10</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">active. Each dose range included doses that were without effect </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at approximately 8 weeks of age </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UNTHSC</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animal facility </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two weeks prior </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testin</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Product ions detected at m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 302, 217, and 145 (B2) confirmed </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tert-leucine and indazole moieties remained unchanged</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leading to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">structure elucidation of a hydroxy</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">functional group at </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4-position of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butyl side chain by oxidative defluorination. The product ion m/z 336 (loss of methyl ester moiety) further confirmed </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">presence </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dihydroxylated metabolites</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 364 (B14, B5/B6) had a loss of 2 Da from m/z 366 indicated further dehydrogenation </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis plus monohydroxylated metabolites</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The presence of the product ion m/z 320</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likely formed from a loss of carbon dioxide</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicated monohydroxylation at the tert-leucine </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B8 (m/z 219)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butyl side chain in B9 (m/z 145) </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole moiety in B13 (m/z 161). The precursor ion, m/z 350 showed </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">loss </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14 Da explaining </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydrolysis </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methyl ester from 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA</del>.&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 2. </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion m/z 396 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B10, B12/B15</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was 32 Da higher than the parent drug</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA, suggesting </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">addition </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two hydroxy groups</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All the below explanations for transformations into metabolites are based on the data shown in Fig. Metabolites were identified according to their precursor ions, product ions</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fragmentation patterns </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. </del>1). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Traditional in</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo metabolism studies to generate human metabolites of drugs relied heavily on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use of whole animal model systems, which are expensive</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">limited by drug administration amount, influenced by species variation and faced by many ethical issues. Eight </del>in<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-vivo metabolites tentatively identified </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mainly products of ester hydrolysis with or without additional dehydrogenation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">N-dealkylation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">monohydroxylation </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">oxidative defluorination with further oxidation to butanoic acid.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 1. </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monitoring metabolism </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BINACA via high-resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fungus, 5CLADBA liver microsomes </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed using urine samples </del>The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">threshold for fatal overdose </del>of combined <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use </del>of SCRAs and ethanol <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can be estimated as </del>a little ng/mL (0.37–4.1 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ng/mL according to the reported cases</del>) of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRA </del>and 1.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5–2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 </del>g/L <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of ethanol. The reported cases </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reviews </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scientific literature suggest a possible synergistic effect between SCRAs and ethanol, because their combined use clearly increases their toxicity</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">victim died due to severe necrotizing pancreatitis and acute kidney injury evolving into multi</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organ failure </del>11 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">days after hospital admission . Studies have found no unequivocal synergistic effect between THC and ethanol at low or moderate ethanol doses [29</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30</del>], but <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">no data on high doses of ethanol are available. Given </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC and ethanol act on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">same receptors, data on </del>their <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">simultaneous use may yield important insights in this regard.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fungus C. elegans </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concentrations of 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood samples were 2.50 and 2.34 ng/mL</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which are in line with published data. Although </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lethal </del>dose <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of 4F-MDMB-BINACA is unknown, its concentration in postmortem blood samples </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found to range between </del>0.10 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and 2.90 ng/mL . In SCRA</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">related cases in which </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deceased suffered from heart disease, the SCRA concentration </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood was less than 1 ng/mL . Concentrations of SCRAs in postmortem cases cover a wide range ; however, some reports of survival have also been published—even at relatively high blood SCRA concentrations [19, 20</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 5CLADBA] </del>observed between 0–30 min. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA (also known as 5F-ADB</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-ADB-PINACA)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA (also known as FUB-AMB</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MMB-FUBINACA) were tested for in vivo cannabinoid-like effects to assess their abuse liabilit</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These synthetic cannabinoids act [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/ adb butinaca] directly at cannabinoid CB1 </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CB2 receptors as does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (</ins>Δ9-THC<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) found </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">marijuana</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but have different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different metabolism</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and often greater toxicity </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fantegrossi et al., 2014</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Discriminative stimulus effects </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested in rats trained </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminate Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tetrahydrocannabinol </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3 mg/kg</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30-min pretreatment</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB-PINACA </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as 5F-ADB</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-ADB-PINACA</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, MDMB-CHIMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as FUB-AMB, MMB-FUBINACA</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were tested </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in vivo cannabinoid-like effects </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assess their abuse liabilit</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Second</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">we could not adb butinaca retrieve further detailed information about </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette that was used by </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">patient such as </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">label or </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">region </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">origin</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">depends on whether the drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e-cigarette</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Of these samples</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">22 contained one or more SCRAs</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC was only detected </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11 samples</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only one contained cannabidiol </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6 contained </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mixture </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC and cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NPS, defining their potency and confirmation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their existence in e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquids or urine samples</ins>.&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data availabili&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRA</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are gaining popularity globally</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clinicians have to understand that intoxication caused by vaping SCRA is not detected by commonly available tests. He confirmed that he had been vaping an electronic cigarette (e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette) earlier that day just before </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">his symptoms</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Metabolic acidosis (1/3</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0/7) </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">respiratory acidosis </ins>(1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/3, 0/7</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, All 10 patients recovered with supportive care, including intubation and ventilation for one case</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In 3 cases ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA was </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only substance detected</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">while </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seven other substances of misuse </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also detected including other SCRA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opioids</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">benzodiazepines cocaine </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pregabali&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">§ (3) of the Hungarian act </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forensic Experts (2016.XXIX)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the data of the reported case can be utilized freely for scientific and educational purposes without special ethical permission. These results indicate that the simultaneous intoxication of SCRA and ethanol directly </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">exclusively caused the death of the two victims. </ins>The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">victims did not have any significant diseases that could have contributed to the outcome. Very limited data are available in the scientific literature about the possible effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>combined <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consumption </ins>of SCRAs and ethanol<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Several case reports describe that the presence of </ins>a little ng/mL (0.37–4.1) of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRAs </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a high—but not lethal—concentration of ethanol (</ins>1.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">45–2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7 </ins>g/L<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) directly </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">exclusively contributed to the death </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">victim [24–27] (Table 2)</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fact that 4F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA was not detected in postmortem urine samples is partly explained by the high rate of hepatic metabolism of SCRAs [</ins>11, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14, 22</ins>], but <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also suggests </ins>that the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">victims consumed 4F-MDMB-BINACA shortly before </ins>their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were not observed following AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA during </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug discrimination study</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximum </ins>dose <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only </ins>0.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg, which is </ins>10-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fold lower than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose that produced tremors </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mic</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4. Drugs </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. </ins>All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Michael B Gat&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Legal status </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 Chemical Powder offers a reliable solution for laboratories seeking a compound that meets stringent requirements. Researchers often require compounds that are consistent and dependable, and this product delivers on both fronts. Whether used in small</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scale experiments or larger research projects</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the compound maintains its integrity under recommended storage conditions. This ensures ease of handling and precise measurement during laboratory use. Each batch undergoes detailed verification to ensure purity</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consistency</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and accuracy</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">making it suitable for controlled experimental environments. This study was supported by a grant (13181MFDS654) of the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ministry of Food </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drug Safety</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Republic of Kore</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-28415:rev-28438 --> </table>

AlizaMoberg10 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=28415&oldid=prev 2026-06-01T17:15:07Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 1. Juni 2026, 17:15 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds tested </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">see review by Wiley et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Average horizontal activity counts/10 min </del>as a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">function of time </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min bins</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and dose</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">click through the next webpage observed between 0–30 min</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration of the locomotor </del>depression <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">increased over dose </del>from <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30 min following 0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;One recent study has looked </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other mechanisms </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">older synthetic cannabinoids and reported that some produced varying amounts </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">activity at sites which are related </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cardiotoxicity and heart disease (Wiley et al., 2016</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although there were reports on the metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA using in</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">various in-vitro models</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">studies were either conducted using small in</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo sample size such as 1 to </del>4 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">samples [5, 29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards and prisons . The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration, although they are limited by the low</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">level expression </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">several metabolizing enzymes, including </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cytochrome P450 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CYP</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">class </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proteins [17, 18]</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In-vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tissue or cell cultures and microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HLM</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs [12,13,14,15,16]. Since most SCBs are found extensively in metabolized forms in urine, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification of </del>metabolites <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is of vital importance for forensic and clinical toxicologists. Identifying SCB intake and its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation of these SCBs</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proliferation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs has become </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into the illegal drug market to evade existing drug law&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;In general</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although tremors were observed upon handling </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice that received JWH-210 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch et al., 2016</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch et al., 2018&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Taken together these data further confirmed the structure elucidation of B16</del>. The precursor ion m/z <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">276 (B1) detected, which was 74 </del>Da <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lower than that for </del>the 4F-MDMB-BINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicated N-dealkylation of B22</del>. The precursor ion m/z <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">348 and product ion detected at m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 217 (B2</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identified </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2 </del>Da <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">less </del>than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicating oxidative defluorination (loss of fluorine with </del>addition of hydroxy <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/ click through the next webpage] group&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The same procedure was then applied to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice once every day </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 days. It was considered as coordination disturbance when mice fell from </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test apparatus within 2 min</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mice that remained </del>their <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">position </del>on the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">running apparatus at 10 rpm for at least 2 min </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">selected for </del>further <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">evaluation</del>.&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Table of Conten</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with LC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS </del>can be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">valuable </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is recommended</del>. SCRAs and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other NPS may not be detected by point</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of-care DOA tests</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In this case</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the point-</del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-care DOA urine screening was not able to detect </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;Similarly, precursor ion identified at m/z 380 (B19/B21, B23/B25) was 16 Da higher than the </del>4F-MDMB-BINACA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, indicating monohydroxylation at </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butyl side chain (B19/B21) </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole (B23/B25) moieties with product ions m/z 145 and 161, respectively</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Metabolites identified at m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 366 (B8, B9, B13)</del>, which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was 16 Da higher than </del>the 4F-MDMB-BINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed monohydroxylation upon ester hydrolysis</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Death involving these drugs have been reported [5,6,7,8,9], </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this raises public health and social concerns</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Due to their similar physiological effects to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">principal psychoactive component of cannabis</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), SCBs are gaining popularity and are often abused as recreational drugs. The fact that similar 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol concentrations were detected </del>in the postmortem blood <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">samples </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both victims suggests that both substances played </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">role in the fatal outcom</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4. Drugs </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al., 2016), and 5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats (Gatch et al., 2018). </del>All of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids </del>tested in the present study <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fully substituted </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Subsequently</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a one-way analysis of variance was conducted on </del>horizontal activity counts <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for the 30-</del>min <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">period of maximal effect, and planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-of-freedom F tests. A two-way analysis of variance, with dose </del>as a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">between groups factor and </del>time <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as a within subject factor, was conducted on horizontal activity counts/</del>10 min <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interval</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant </del>effects <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak effect</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at the CB1 receptor.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gatch &lt;br&gt;Substantial depressant effects </del>were observed within <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the first </del>10 min<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal depression was </del>observed between 0–30 min <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following administration</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed </del>30 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">minutes </del>following 1 mg/kg <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice (data not shown). Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min and lasted up </del>to 2.5 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to 3 </del>h <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at the click through the next webpage highest dose tested (0.5 </del>mg/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg).</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There is indication that at least some of the first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 (Wiley et al., 2016), and a compound from the present study, </del>5F-MDMB-PINACA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asaoka et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016). As previously mentioned, all of the compounds tested in the present study (MDMB</del>-PINACA, MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHMICA</del>, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) act </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agonists at CB1 receptors (Banister et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015, 2016; Gamage et al., 2018</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC</del>-like effects<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, including </del>abuse <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liability. Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mic</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. &lt;br&gt;Each training session lasted a maximum </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min, and </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">behavior-testing chambers, where food </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NJ</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was available </ins>as a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcer for every ten responses </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FR10</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on a designated injection appropriate lever</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was illuminated only when the levers </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">active</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% </ins>depression <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained </ins>from <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Envigo (Houston, TX)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">approximately 8 weeks </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">age and maintained </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testin</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Product ions detected at m/z 302, 217, and 145 (B2) confirmed that tert</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leucine </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole moieties remained unchanged</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leading to the structure elucidation of a hydroxy</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">functional group at the </ins>4-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">position </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butyl side chain by oxidative defluorination. The product ion m/z 336 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">loss of methyl ester moiety</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">further confirmed the presence </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dihydroxylated metabolites</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 364 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B14, B5/B6</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">had a loss of 2 Da from m/z 366 indicated further dehydrogenation </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis plus monohydroxylated </ins>metabolites. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">presence </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the product ion m/z 320, likely formed from </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">loss of carbon dioxide</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicated monohydroxylation at </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tert-leucine in B8 (m/z 219)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butyl side chain </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B9 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 145</ins>) and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole moiety </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B13 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 161)</ins>. The precursor ion<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>m/z <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">350 showed a loss of 14 </ins>Da <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">explaining </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydrolysis of methyl ester from </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;Fig. 2. &lt;br&gt;</ins>The precursor ion m/z <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">396 (B10, B12</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B15</ins>) was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">32 </ins>Da <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">higher </ins>than the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">parent drug, </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">suggesting the </ins>addition of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two </ins>hydroxy <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">groups</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">below explanations </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transformations into metabolites are based on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">data shown in Fig</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Metabolites were identified according to </ins>their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">precursor ions, product ions, and fragmentation patterns (Fig. 1). Traditional in-vivo metabolism studies to generate human metabolites of drugs relied heavily </ins>on the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use of whole animal model systems, which are expensive, limited by drug administration amount, influenced by species variation and faced by many ethical issues. Eight in-vivo metabolites tentatively identified </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mainly products of ester hydrolysis with or without additional dehydrogenation, N-dealkylation, monohydroxylation and oxidative defluorination with </ins>further <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">oxidation to butanoic acid</ins>.&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 1. </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid 4F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA via high</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line, fungus, 5CLADBA liver microsomes and confirmed using urine samples The threshold for fatal overdose of combined use of SCRAs and ethanol </ins>can be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">estimated as a little ng/mL (0.37–4.1 ng/mL according to the reported cases) of SCRA </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1.5–2.5 g/L of ethanol</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The reported cases and reviews of the scientific literature suggest a possible synergistic effect between </ins>SCRAs and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol, because their combined use clearly increases their toxicity. The victim died due to severe necrotizing pancreatitis and acute kidney injury evolving into multi</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organ failure 11 days after hospital admission </ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Studies have found no unequivocal synergistic effect between THC and ethanol at low or moderate ethanol doses [29, 30]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but no data on high doses </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol are available. Given that THC and ethanol act on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">same receptors, data on their simultaneous use may yield important insights in this regard.</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fungus C. elegans </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concentrations of </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood samples were 2.50 </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">34 ng</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL</ins>, which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are in line with published data. Although </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lethal dose of </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is unknown</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">its concentration in postmortem blood samples was found to range between 0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.90 ng/mL </ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In SCRA-related cases in which </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deceased suffered from heart disease</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the SCRA concentration </ins>in the postmortem blood <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was less than 1 ng/mL . Concentrations </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRAs in postmortem cases cover </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wide range ; however, some reports of survival have also been published—even at relatively high blood SCRA concentrations [19, 20</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;All of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds </ins>tested in the present study <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">depressed locomotor activity as is typical </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017). Average </ins>horizontal activity counts<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/10 </ins>min as a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">function of </ins>time <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>10 min <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bins) and dose</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Depressant </ins>effects of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">33 mg/kg </ins>were observed within 10 min <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following administration </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects were [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 5CLADBA] </ins>observed between 0–30 min. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from </ins>30 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">min </ins>following <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.</ins>1 mg/kg to 2.5 h <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following 1 </ins>mg/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">k</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;5F-MDMB-PINACA (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as 5F-ADB</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-ADB</ins>-PINACA<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>, MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA</ins>, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(also known </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUB-AMB</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MMB-FUBINACA</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were tested for in vivo cannabinoid</ins>-like effects <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to assess their </ins>abuse <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liabilit</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-28397:rev-28415 --> </table>

ScarlettCagle66 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=28397&oldid=prev 2026-06-01T17:09:38Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 1. Juni 2026, 17:09 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ click the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following web page</del>] have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al., 2016), and 5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats (Gatch et al., 2018). All of the synthetic cannabinoids tested in the present study fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. Subsequently, a one-way analysis of variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30-min period of maximal effect, and planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-of-freedom F tests. A two-way analysis of variance, with dose as a between groups factor and time as a within subject factor, was conducted on horizontal activity counts/10 min interval.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gatch &lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/kg. </del>Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration. Tremors were observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice (data not shown). Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min and lasted up to 2.5 to 3 h at the highest dose tested (0.5 mg/kg). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1 shows average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (0–4 h) and dose of Δ9-TH</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;To evaluate whether </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">changes of coordinative functions by CNS damages were due to test substances, rota</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rod test was performed using Rota-rod apparatus </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Daejong</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Seoul</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Korea). The test apparatus for </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor activity test </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">designed </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measure locomotor activity automatically using UV system </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AM 1051</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Benwick Electronics, Benwick, UK</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when experimental animals moved in the chamber</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In both tests</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a group </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice were treated with negative control </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vehicle</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">i.p.)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">positive control (methamphetamine</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg, i.p.</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, or one of the three doses of test substances </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 mg/kg</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">i.p.</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">once every other day for 10 day&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times of peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that </del>these compounds <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial </del>abuse liability <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and act at the CB1 receptor</del>. Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice. AMB-FUBINACA has been implicated in severe adverse effects in recreational users (Adams et al., 2017; Hamilton et al., 2017), which suggests that the range between behaviorally active and toxic doses of AMB-FUBINACA is narrow. Following that line of reasoning, it should also be noted that some of the more recent compounds produced non-linear dose-effect curves and one compound produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect, such that intermediate dose fully substituted, but higher doses did not (Gatch and Forster, 2018). All of the compounds identified as available on the recreational market and submitted to our laboratory by the US Drug Enforcement Agency for testing have fully substituted at some dose (Gatch and Forster 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018); however; it is important to note that not all structural congeners are active (Wiley et al., 2012&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;LC separates the urine or blood sample and QTOF-MS provides high-resolution and accurate mass measurements for precise identification and structural elucidation of compounds. The LC-QTOF-MS method offers a more comprehensive and sensitive approach for drug detection, covering hundreds of recreational drugs, including NPS. Besides increasing the temperature to enlarge the drug aerolisation and bioavailability, one can elevate the flow rate of air through the e-cigarette and/or add a diluent . Of all e-cigarette users registered at this forum, 7.8 % vaped SCRAs . About 15 % of individuals registered at forums for drug users such as erowid.org who vaped cannabis have also vaped SRCAs. SCRAs belong, together with synthetic opioids, cathinones, amphetamines and hallucinogens to the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are currently developed at high speed.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;In case of cannabis or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, there are many previous studies regarding with their dependence potential and neurotoxicity (Cororan, et al., 1974; Harris, et al., 1974; Leite and Culini, 1974; Hutcheson, et al., 1998&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate leve</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were click through the next webpage observed between 0–30 min. Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action in some of the older synthetic cannabinoids and reported that some produced varying amounts of activity at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity and heart disease (Wiley et al., 2016&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Although there were reports on the metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA using in-vivo and various in-vitro models, studies were either conducted using small in-vivo sample size such as 1 to 4 samples [5, 29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards and prisons . The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration, although they are limited by the low-level expression of several metabolizing enzymes, including the cytochrome P450 (CYP) class of proteins [17, 18]. In-vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs, tissue or cell cultures and microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism of SCBs [12,13,14,15,16]. Since most SCBs are found extensively in metabolized forms in urine, the identification of metabolites is of vital importance for forensic and clinical toxicologists. Identifying SCB intake and its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation of these SCBs. The proliferation of SCBs has become a global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into the illegal drug market to evade existing drug law&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</ins>In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al., 2016), and 5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats (Gatch et al., 2018&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Taken together these data further confirmed the structure elucidation of B16. The precursor ion m/z 276 (B1) detected, which was 74 Da lower than that for the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicated N-dealkylation of B22. The precursor ion m/z 348 and product ion detected at m/z 217 (B2) identified was 2 Da less than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicating oxidative defluorination (loss of fluorine with addition of hydroxy </ins>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ click <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">through the next webpage] group&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The same procedure was then applied to the mice once every day for 5 days. It was considered as coordination disturbance when mice fell from the test apparatus within 2 min. Mice that remained their position on the running apparatus at 10 rpm for at least 2 min were selected for further evaluation.&lt;br&gt;Table of Conten&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with LC-QTOF-MS can be valuable and is recommended. SCRAs and other NPS may not be detected by point-of-care DOA tests. In this case, the point-of-care DOA urine screening was not able to detect </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Similarly, precursor ion identified at m/z 380 (B19/B21, B23/B25) was 16 Da higher than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA, indicating monohydroxylation at the butyl side chain (B19/B21) and indazole (B23/B25) moieties with product ions m/z 145 and 161, respectively. Metabolites identified at m/z 366 (B8, B9, B13), which was 16 Da higher than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), confirmed monohydroxylation upon ester hydrolysis. Death involving these drugs have been reported [5,6,7,8,9</ins>]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and this raises public health and social concerns. Due to their similar physiological effects to the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), SCBs are gaining popularity and are often abused as recreational drugs. The fact that similar 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol concentrations were detected in the postmortem blood samples of both victims suggests that both substances played a role in the fatal outcom&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. Drugs &lt;br&gt;In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects </ins>have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al., 2016), and 5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats (Gatch et al., 2018). All of the synthetic cannabinoids tested in the present study fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. Subsequently, a one-way analysis of variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30-min period of maximal effect, and planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-of-freedom F tests. A two-way analysis of variance, with dose as a between groups factor and time as a within subject factor, was conducted on horizontal activity counts/10 min interval<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times of peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at the CB1 receptor</ins>.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gatch &lt;br&gt;Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration. Tremors were observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice (data not shown). Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min and lasted up to 2.5 to 3 h at the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">click through the next webpage </ins>highest dose tested (0.5 mg/kg).&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There is indication that at least some of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and a compound from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asaoka et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As previously mentioned</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the compounds tested in the present study </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-PINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-CHMICA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and AMB-FUBINACA</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">act as agonists at CB1 receptors </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Banister et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016; Gamage et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which suggests </ins>these compounds <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">will produce Δ9-THC-like effects, including </ins>abuse liability. Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mic</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-28236:rev-28397 --> </table>

ScarlettCagle66 https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=28236&oldid=prev 2026-05-30T18:51:43Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 30. Mai 2026, 18:51 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The findings produce an apparent paradox</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">since CPP </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">self</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration predict with high reliability </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likelihood </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well-known to </del>produce <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">active drug-seeking in human&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Although there were reports on the metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA using in-vivo and various in-vitro models</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">studies </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either conducted using small </del>in-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo sample size such as 1 to 4 samples [5, 29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards and prisons </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration, although they are limited by the low-level expression of several metabolizing enzymes</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including the cytochrome P450 (CYP</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">class of proteins [17</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18]. In</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs, tissue or cell cultures </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HLM</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs [12,13,14,15,16]. Since most SCBs are found extensively </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolized forms in urine, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolites is </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vital importance </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">forensic </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clinical toxicologists. Identifying SCB intake and its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">these SCBs</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The proliferation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs has become </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">global challenge </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">new compounds are rapidly introduced into the illegal drug market to evade existing drug laws</del>.&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Thirty minutes prior </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">training sessions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC </del>and were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-</del>mg <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">food pellets; Bio</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FR10</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hopper close to the ceiling </del>and was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illuminated only when the levers were active</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each dose range included doses that were without effect </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">those producing </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston, TX)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https:</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</del>/ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH-210 powder] Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston, TX</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at approximately 8 weeks of age </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maintained in the University </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4. Drugs </del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">duration of action of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids tested </del>using the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8-h protocol have varied widely</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some producing </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action no longer than </del>1 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and others lasting more than 2 h</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">see review by Wiley et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of </del>1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.33 </del>mg/kg <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were observed within </del>10 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gat</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tremors were observed <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in mice 30 minutes </del>following <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg </del>AMB-FUBINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in the present study. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for </del>the drug discrimination <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assay were selected based on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds </del>was 0.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">81±0.17 </del>mg/kg (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014), whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018</del>), and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the potency </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the current set </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">05±0.01 mg/kg. Short</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset, short</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">long</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds pose problems of long</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting adverse effects </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interactions with other drugs</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The duration of action </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids tested using </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8-h protocol </del>have <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">varied widely</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and others lasting more than 2 h</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Demographic and clinical features are recorded and </del>blood and<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/or urine samples analysed using </del>high-resolution accurate mass <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Second, we could not JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder retrieve further detailed information about the e</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette that was used by the patient such as the label or the region </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">origin. Whether a </del>recreational <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug can be administered via vaping</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">depends on whether </del>the drug <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">becomes volatile under </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">evaporation temperature </del>of the e-cigarette. Of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">these samples</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">22 contained one or more </del>SCRAs, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC was only detected in 11 samples</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only one contained cannabidiol </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6 contained a mixture </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabidiol</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There is difficulty in finding the right information about the NPS</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defining their potency </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples</del>.&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data availabili</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In general</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the locomotor depressant </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com/ click </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following web page] have been observed at doses </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">do not </ins>produce <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adverse effects</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although tremors </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed upon handling </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice that received JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 (Gatch et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and 5F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB produced sustained vocalization </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">convulsions in rats </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch et al., 2018</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. All </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the synthetic cannabinoids tested </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9-THC. Subsequently, a one-way analysis </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the 30-min period of maximal effect, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-</ins>of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-freedom F tests</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A two-way analysis </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variance, with dose as </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">between groups factor and time </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a within subject factor, was conducted on horizontal activity counts/10 min interval</ins>.&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Michael B Gatch </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.5 h following 1 mg/kg. Substantial depressant effects were observed within </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first 10 min</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration. Tremors </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed 30 minutes following 1 </ins>mg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/kg AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">data not shown</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Substantial depressant effects were observed within </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first 10 min, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal depression </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed between 10–40 min and lasted up to 2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3 h </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the highest dose tested </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 mg</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1 shows average horizontal activity counts</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min as a function of time </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0–4 h</ins>) and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9-TH</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">To evaluate whether the changes of coordinative functions by CNS damages were due to test substances, rota</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rod test was performed using Rota-rod apparatus (Daejong</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Seoul</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Korea)</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test apparatus for </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor activity test was designed to measure locomotor activity automatically </ins>using <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UV system (AM 1051, Benwick Electronics, Benwick, UK) when experimental animals moved in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chamber. In both tests</ins>, a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">group </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice were treated with negative control (vehicle, </ins>1 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg/kg, i.p.), positive control (methamphetamine</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">i</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">p</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">), or one </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">three doses of test substances </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>, 1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 5 </ins>mg/kg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, i.p.) once every other day for </ins>10 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">day</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times of peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at the CB1 receptor. </ins>Tremors were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">not </ins>observed following AMB-FUBINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">during </ins>the drug discrimination <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">study, but </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximum dose tested </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only </ins>0.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 </ins>mg/kg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mice. AMB-FUBINACA has been implicated in severe adverse effects in recreational users </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Adams </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017; Hamilton </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which suggests that the range between behaviorally active </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxic doses </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">narrow</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Following that line of reasoning, it should also be noted that some of the more recent compounds produced non</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">linear dose</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effect curves </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">one compound produced an inverted U</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shaped dose</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effect, such that intermediate dose fully substituted, but higher doses did not (Gatch </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forster, 2018)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds identified as available on the recreational market and submitted to our laboratory by </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">US Drug Enforcement Agency for testing </ins>have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fully substituted at some dose (Gatch and Forster 2014</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018); however; it is important to note that not all structural congeners are active (Wiley et al</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2012</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC separates the urine or </ins>blood <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sample </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF-MS provides </ins>high-resolution <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>accurate mass <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measurements for precise identification and structural elucidation of compounds</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS method offers a more comprehensive and sensitive approach for drug detection, covering hundreds </ins>of recreational <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including NPS. Besides increasing the temperature to enlarge </ins>the drug <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">aerolisation and bioavailability, one can elevate </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">flow rate </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">air through </ins>the e-cigarette <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and/or add a diluent </ins>. Of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all e-cigarette users registered at this forum</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7.8 % vaped SCRAs . About 15 % of individuals registered at forums for drug users such as erowid.org who vaped cannabis have also vaped SRCAs. </ins>SCRAs <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">belong</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">together with synthetic opioids, cathinones</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">amphetamines </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hallucinogens to the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are currently developed at high speed.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;In case </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabis or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, there are many previous studies regarding with their dependence potential </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neurotoxicity (Cororan, et al., 1974; Harris, et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1974; Leite </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Culini, 1974; Hutcheson, et al</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1998</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate leve</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-28222:rev-28236 --> </table>

FranchescaWorth https://www.stadtwiki-strausberg.de/index.php?title=5F-ADB-PINACA_Wikipedia&diff=28222&oldid=prev 2026-05-30T18:46:57Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="de"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 30. Mai 2026, 18:46 Uhr</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Such decrease remained 2 hr after </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration (Table 4). In locomotor activity</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methamphetamine treated group showed approximately 4.2 times increase compared </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the negative control treated group. Change of body weight following the treatments with JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">081 and JWH-210 </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mic</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS represents a significant advancement </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the point</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of-care test for recreational drugs</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the liquid chromatography</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the emergency room because of sudden 5CL ADBA powder headache</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nausea, vertigo, red eyes </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">palpitations</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">not commonly availabl&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;A 30-min period, beginning when maximal depression of locomotor activity first appeared </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a function of dose</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was used for analysis of dose</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">response data and calculation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ED50 values. During test sessions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both levers were active</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led to [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 5CL ADBA powder</del>] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcement</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The substitution tests occurred only if the rats had achieved 85% injection</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">appropriate responding on the two prior training sessions.&lt;br&gt;The locomotor activity assay was </del>used to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identify approximate time courses </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose ranges of psychoactive effects, </del>which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is useful for identifying parameters for drug discrimination experiments and are also predictive of the time course of the psychoactive effects in </del>human <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">users. The purpose of the present study was </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assess the abuse liability </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB-PINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and AMB-FUBINACA</del>. Since <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">there is currently no robust measure of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcing/rewarding effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids, drug discrimination </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">currently the best model </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assessing abuse liability </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids </del>are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">well-known </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">produce active </del>drug<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-seeking in human&lt;br&gt;</del>&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The chemical structures of the recent synthetic cannabinoids are unlike that of Δ9-THC, but are largely based on the structure of older synthetic cannabinoids that are known to have substantial abuse liability (</del>Fig. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The current study indicates that </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test compounds produce locomotor depression similar to that </del>of Δ9-THC<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fully substitute for </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC. In summary</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">these 5F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA have similar abuse liability </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and should be controlled in </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similar fashion</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Much of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in vivo 5CL ADBA powder testing of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid compounds have been pre-clinical studies focused on their cannabinoid-like effects or like </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study, focused on their abuse liability</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There is indication </del>that at least <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some of the first</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and a compound from the present study, 5F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asaoka et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Metabolic Profile </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-PB-22, PB-22, XLR-11 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UR-144 by Cunninghamella elegans &lt;br&gt;This might be due to the low activity of numerous metabolizing enzymes resulting </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lower drug biotransformation . HepG2 model detected </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">major ester hydrolysis metabolite </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BINACA in abundance but the rest of the metabolites were found in a small amount. Elegans and HLM models detected all of the in-vivo metabolites </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">100%</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, whilst HepG2 cells detected 7 out of the 8 in-vivo metabolites (87.5%). Hence, structural elucidation could not be confirmed unless a reference standard is made availabl</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. Drugs &lt;br&gt;Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gat</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and cannabinoids are well-known </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">produce active drug</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seeking </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">human</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although there were reports on the metabolism of 4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA using </ins>in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-vivo </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">various </ins>in-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vitro models</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">studies were either conducted using small in</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo sample size such as 1 </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 samples [5</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">prisons </ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The hepatic cell line HepG2 </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">often used as an initial screen </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although they are limited by the low</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">level expression </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">several metabolizing enzymes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including the cytochrome P450 (CYP) class of proteins [17</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18</ins>]. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vitro metabolism studies are generally </ins>used to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">complement these data using perfused organs, tissue or cell cultures </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">microsomal preparations amongst </ins>which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pooled </ins>human <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liver microsomes (HLM) have been frequently used </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">elucidate metabolism </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs [12</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">16]</ins>. Since <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">most SCBs are found extensively in metabolized forms in urine, </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolites </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of vital importance </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">forensic and clinical toxicologists. Identifying SCB intake and its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">these SCBs</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proliferation of SCBs has become </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">global challenge as new compounds </ins>are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rapidly introduced into the illegal drug market </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">evade existing </ins>drug <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">laws.</ins>&lt;br&gt;Fig. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thirty minutes prior to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">training sessions, rats received an injection </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either vehicle or </ins>Δ9-THC and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were subsequently placed in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">behavior</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testing chambers</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where food (45</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg food pellets; Bio</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Serve</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frenchtown</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NJ) was available </ins>as a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hopper close to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ceiling and was illuminated only when </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">levers were active</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each dose range included doses </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were without effect to those producing </ins>at least <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com/ JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder] Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX) at approximately 8 weeks </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">age </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maintained </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">North Texas Health Science Center </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UNTHSC</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. Drugs &lt;br&gt;Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gat<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in the present study. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds was 0.81±0.17 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2014), whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2018), and the potency of the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg. Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Second, we could not JWH-210 powder retrieve further detailed information about the e-cigarette that was used by the patient such as the label or the region of origin. Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping, depends on whether the drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature of the e-cigarette. Of these samples, 22 contained one or more SCRAs, THC was only detected in 11 samples, only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC and cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about the NPS, defining their potency and confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key stadtwiki:diff::1.12:old-27802:rev-28222 --> </table>

CaroleHoller04